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VHF antenna for sailboat — masthead vs stern rail, the choice that changes range

The position of the VHF antenna determines the practical range of your radio. Masthead = 20-25 NM to a cargo ship, 15-18 NM to a semaphore. Stern rail = 5-8 NM (4× range loss). For a serious sailboat, a masthead antenna is non-negotiable. Technical comparison, RG213 cable, watertight connectors, 2026 ex-VAT budget.